FairMormon 2017 Conference, Day Two

Day two of the FairMormon 2017 Conference offered another series of outstanding speakers with messages covering a broad spectrum of topics. (See also my summary of day one.)

Ben Spackman

The day began with an outstanding presentation from Ben Spackman who discussed what it takes to properly understand scripture. He discussed the reality of accommodation, wherein God’s words to us do not necessarily refute all our misunderstandings and ignorance at once, but address us in ways we can understand. Further, he stressed that we can consider scripture like a map. A map inevitably leaves out a great deal and often deliberately distorts reality in order to achieve its purpose, just as a two-dimensional map of the earth such as the Mercator Projection will distort distances, or as a map of a subway system will not only distort distances but also be useless for navigating streets, hiking, or mining. Taking Genesis as a map useful for understanding 21st century scientific issues such as cosmology and the literal scientific details of the Creation might be like using a subway map to plan a mining expedition.

Understanding God’s accommodation of human understanding helps us temper out expectations of what we can extract from scripture and the words of the prophets. The Old Testament is infused with the geocentric view of the cosmos that was the only model human minds had at that time. God worked with rather than refuted that understanding. More significantly, perhaps, Christ explained that in terms of policy and commandment, God accommodated human hard-heartedness in allowing divorce, though it was contrary to God’s desires. Matthew 19:8: “Jesus replied, ‘Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your
hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning.'” (

Ben recommend a good list of resources on dealing with scripture from the excellent blog, Benjamin the Scribe.

I liked how Ben used a poem from Emily Dickinson, “Tell All The Truth,”  to help illustrate God’s tendency to guide us gradually toward the truth, accommodating our weaknesses and errors:

Tell all the truth but tell it slant,

Success in circuit lies,

Too bright for our infirm delight

The truth’s superb surprise;

As lightning to the children eased

With explanation kind,

The truth must dazzle gradually

Or every man be blind.

Ugo Perego on Evolution

Ugo Perego, a scientist with a strong background in genetics and DNA, spoke about the Church’s position on evolution, which as you should know leaves us open to accept what science teaches and does not require us to force-fit our beliefs into young earth models of the Creation. 

He began with Doctrine and Covenants 101:32-34 which points to a future science fest in which the Lord will tell us all about the things of the earth, the way it was made, etc. This indicates he will be revealing things we don’t know. If we think we know it today, we may have a surprise coming. In my opinion, this passage is one of many that should encourage us to care about science since the Lord obviously does.

While the Church has said relatively little about evolution, Brother Perego discussed a 1909 First Presidency statement on the “Origins of Man” and also referred to a First Presidency Statement in 1910 that he said clarified the previous statement and said that whether the mortal bodies of man evolved over time or were transplanted to earth or were born here, are “questions not fully answered in the revealed word of God.” But I think this may be in error,  and that the 1910 statement that
has often been widely quoted was not really a First Presidency Statement. He’s checking on that (based on a chat with him afterwards). I hope the 1910 statement is legitimate, but while it is printed in a variety of books and articles, it may be problematic. If you have definitive answers, let me know! It is not at LDS.org based on my searching.

Another interesting article form the Church that he shared with us is “What does the Church believe about dinosaurs?,” New Era, Feb. 2016:

Did dinosaurs live and die on this earth long before man came along? There have been no revelations on this question, and the scientific evidence says yes. (You can learn more about it by studying paleontology if you like, even at Church-owned schools.)

The details of what happened on this planet before Adam and Eve aren’t a huge doctrinal concern of ours. The accounts of the Creation in the scriptures are not meant to provide a literal, scientific explanation of the specific processes, time periods, or events involved.

More recently, in the October 2016 New Era, we have a clear statement in the article, “What does the Church believe about evolution?”:

The Church has no official position on the theory of evolution. Organic
evolution, or changes to species’ inherited traits over time, is a
matter for scientific study. Nothing has been revealed concerning
evolution.

Bruce R. McConkie noted that a “day” could be an age, an eon, or a division of eternity. He said there is no revealed guidance that the days of Creation were 24-hour days.

As Hugh Nibley noted, Abraham 4:20 says that God prepared the waters to bring forth life such as whales. Sounds as if they weren’t instantaneously created, but the waters were made ready to allow them to develop.

Perego then turned to the topic of DNA and the Book of Mormon. While not specifying what geographic model of the Book of Mormon is best and warning that we need not do that, he said that the Heartland Model advocates who are claiming DNA evidence proves the Book of Mormon is true are abusing science. In specific, the hapotype X2a DNA that has been found has no bearing on the Book of Mormon, but is a New World DNA from the ancestor of Kennewick Man and was present in the Americas long before the Book of Mormon. It does not support a Great Lakes model of the Book of Mormon. 

Perego has studied and published on more sequences of X2a than any other scientist and is an expert on this topic. As of today, clear genetic evidence of ancient Old World transoceanic migrations other than Bering Strait migrations does not exist.

Regarding a recent study on ancient Mayan DNA samples, Perego noted that the authors in correspondence with him said that one sample “did not work.” Perego asked what that meant. Answer: “The DNA was not what we expected.” It was rejected during review and they were asked to remove the unexpected sequence. (This is a danger I have noted in my paper on the Book of Mormon and DNA evidence, where I give some examples of unexpected DNA results being discarded that might have pointed to Old World ties in ancient Native American DNA.) Perego emphasizes that there is still much that we do not understand. For example a 2107 publication in Nature on the genomic era shows that there are studies showing possibility of genetic contact between South America and Polynesia. Which way was the gene flow and how? There is still much we don’t known.

Perego advises that DNA and the Book of Mormon is an interesting topic, but not one to tie your testimony to, and certainly not a good reason to reject the Book of Mormon or the Church.

Janiece Johnson

Dr. Janiece Johnson delivered a strong message on the need to pay more attention to the women of LDS history. Dr. Johnson observed that too long women’s voices have not been recognized in the Church, and we have suffered for this. There have been some bright spots, but many women’s voices have been overlooked.

When asked what women were involved in the Restoration, Lattre-day Saints typically give a list of four women: Mary Fielding Smith, Emma Hale Smith, Eliza R. Snow, and Lucy Mack Smith. Dr. Johnson is pained that the many women of the Restoration have been largely reduced to these four voices. “We need to hear women’s voices. We need to read their words. We need to hear their experiences.”

To illustrate the diversity in the lives of major women in the Restoration, she contrasted Eliza R. Snow and Zina D.H. Young. Zina had a dramatic conversion experience by reading the Book of Mormon, with an almost instantaneous conversion. Eliza, on the other hand, took four years of study to get past her fears that it might be a hoax and become a firm believer. The diversity in the conversion stories of early LDS women reminds us of our diversity today and the different approaches and needs we have as we encounter the Gospel. There is much to learn from the stories of these early Saints.

Johnson covered aspects of the life stories of several other early LDS women, all with lessons for our day. One was Desideria Quntanar de Yañez. She would become the first women baptized in Mexico. She was a woman of faith who had a dream that guided her to send her son to Mexico City. Here is the story, as documented in Wikipedia’s article, “Desideria Quintanar de Yáñez”:

In February 1880, Desideria claimed to have a dream about a pamphlet called “Una Voz de Amonestación” being published by foreigners in Mexico City. Missionaries from LDS Church were, in fact, in Mexico City in the process of publishing a Spanish translation of Parley P. Pratt’s pamphlet, “A Voice of Warning,” which contained introductory information to the Church. This dream had a great effect on her, and she felt very strongly that this pamphlet would help her spiritually. Because of poor health, she was unable to travel to Mexico City to investigate the veracity of her dream. Her son, José María, went in her place, and was able to meet the apostle Moses Thatcher and other missionaries that had accompanied him, including a Spaniard, Melitón González Trejo (es), who had assisted in the translation of Church materials into Spanish, and James Z. Stewart. José María returned to the village where his mother lived with news of the foreign missionaries and their pamphlet. Since “A Voice of Warning” was still being translated (in part by Plotino Rhodakanaty, a Greek convert living in Mexico City), the missionaries sent other pamphlets back with José María.

In 1880, Desideria received the translated “A Voice of Warning,” as well as the newly published Spanish translation of selections from Book of Mormon. Desideria was baptized by Melitón González Trejo into LDS Church in April 1880 in her village of Nopala. She was the 22nd person to be baptized into the Church in Mexico, as well as the first woman. Her oldest son, José María and his wife, as well his daughter, Carmen, were also baptized that day.

Dr. Johnson reminds us that we can lose ourselves in this world, and through studying the lives of early Mormon women, we can better remember who we are and find our way. It is not only women who need to hear women’s stories; we all do.

Tyler Griffin, “Book of Mormon Geographical References: Internal Consistency Taken to A New Level”

Tyler Griffin has been leading some amazing work on mapping the scriptures at http://virtualscriptures.org/, which include a detailed internal map of the Book of Mormon.

Brother Griffin began by reminding us how young Joseph was as he produced mountains of scripture. He was 24 as the Book of Mormon was published and 31 by the time the Kirtland Temple was dedicated, all with three years of elementary frontier education. As Emma later recollected, “Joseph could neither write nor dictate a coherent well-worded letter” when he dictated the Book of Mormon. It was a marvel to her, clearly far beyond any abilities she had found in him.

In November 1832, Joseph begins a personal journal. It begins with a botched paragraph that he crosses out. And it reads like the writing of a farm boy, not like the Book of Mormon. One of the interesting things about the Book of Mormon is what went to the printing press: pretty much the rough draft as dictated by Joseph. When you compare Joseph Smith the man to Joseph Smith the Prophet, there is a world of difference, as Brother Griffin observes.

There are over 500 references to geography in the Book of Mormon. Once Nephi gets us to the New World, his interest in geography is negligible. We don’t pick up details of geography until we get to Mormon’s abridgements. Mormon, unlike Nephi, cares about geography a great deal. Given Mormon’s military career where a mastery of geography is a regular matter of life and death, this makes sense to me. Nephi, though, is largely focused on theology. Thus we have different flavors in the Book of Mormon relative to geographical detail depending on the author and context.

The vast majority of geographical references are in the land of Zarahemla, which is what Mormon knows best. With over 500 references to geography and stories separated by hundreds of pages dealing with the same places, we somehow maintain nearly perfect consistency. “This book is so good that even when it’s wrong, it’s right.” E.g., Alma 24, they “buried their weapons of peace, or, they buried their weapons of war, for peace.” A remarkable textual clue pointing to a real man engraving text on an unerasable medium and making an alteration to fix a mistake. If a farm boy were making this up and made that mistake, he’s say, “Oliver, scratch that and write “weapons of war for peace.” Here we see Mormon making a mistake and moving on. A subtle hint of the authenticity of this ancient text.

After Ether 12:27, Mormon does not compare himself to others again regarding his weakness in writing.

Griffin has worked on making an internal map based on internal evidences. One of the key references for the map is Alma 22, where there is a description of the land southward and northward with a narrow strip of wilderness, etc. There is a wilderness west and east of Zarahemla. Many geographical issues. Some come from migrations. Migrations of people tend to be north. This was completely contrary to Joseph’s environment, where migrations would be south or west.

Alma 63:5-9 involves Hagoth who leaves from the west sea on a large ship and they go north. He comes back and build more ships and goes again. Helaman 3:3-14 mentions other groups leaving and going far north, even until they came to a land covered with many waters and rivers. This northward tendency opens up opportunities for research. Where should we look for linguistic evidences or other traces of Nephite and Lamanite culture?

If Book of Mormon were written to show where Indians came from, the Book of Mormon does a poor job. No teepees, no tomahawks, no mocassins or peace pipes. Nearly all of the traditional trappings of Native Americans likely to be known to Joseph Smith and his audience are absent.

Three week’s journey separated Mulekites from the Nephites for 350 years. Nephite enter their home turf and take over politically. This sets stage for later people to challenge the Nephite political system and claim to be of noble birth — probably a reference to descent from Mulek.

Any lens you use to look at the book, whether political, cultural, geographical, linguistic, theological, etc., the book is remarkable, and difficult to explain as a farm boy’s rough draft.

The land of Nephi is always up, Zarahemla is always down, across the Book of Mormon. Remarkable consistency (I think that is just like Nephi always speaking of going up to Jerusalem and down to the wilderness). For 19th century people, northward is usually up, so this doesn’t fit Joseph’s environment. Even today, I would say, Americans tend to go “up” when going north and “down” when going south. 

Moroni on east coast, lowest, followed north by Nephihah, Lehi, Omner, Gid, and Mulek. Land of Bountiful has to be close enough to sea shore for Teancum to go in the night to slay Amalickiah in his sleep. Last thing he would have done would be to choke on his own blood, in contrast to his oath to drink Moroni’s blood.

My question was this: “Don’t some major geographical details like apparent volcanism in 3 Nephi or a Sidon that flows north immediately rule out some geographical models?” His answer is that he seeks to leave open possibilities. Some deeply believe the Book of Mormon took place in Baja or South America, etc., and doesn’t want to rule things out for them. He prefers to keep things open as much as possible. I guess I can’t complain about that, though I think we need to help people think about the plausible physical places where the text could actually have taken place.

Brant Gardner: The Book of Mormon as a Seer Stone: Having Faith In and Through the Book of Mormon

Brant Gardner began by asking why in the world would Joseph have thought of putting a rock in a hat as a way to solve his problem, the problem of translating the unknown language on his gold plates. Brother Gardner suggests the reason is that he thought of something he was already familiar with.

Gardner suggests that Joseph initially used the interpreters that came with the plates only to do that which he had always done with seer stones: to find things, namely, to check on the location of the plates.

Gardner notes that the use of the hat to block out light might be a way to let others know that the seeing taking place is something unusual and miraculous.

He explained that we struggle with the problem of “presentism,” citing Lynn Hunt’s “The Problem of Presentism.” The things that bother us the most are when we find people in history who should be like us but aren’t. If we learn of something strange from people living on a remote island, we can accept it. But if we say Joseph Smith used a seer stone, it will bother us. Joseph’s divining cup in Genesis 44:5 doesn’t bother us. Omens were based on the appearance of liquids in the cup — weird, but not something we have to worry about. If Joseph Smith had used a divining cup to translate the Book of Mormon, we would find it strange and troubling.

Money digging is weird today, but was common in Joseph’s day. Wayne Sentinel, Feb. 16, 1825, mentions there might be 500 respectable men in the area engaged in diligent money digging activities. Fawn Brodie quotes this. Today we have the lottery — same silly reason. People in difficult circumstances often look for easy way to gain wealth.

Gardner suggested that the Book of Mormon itself can act as a seer stone, a tool to help us learn directly from God and experience divine communication. It has changed people’s lives, helped them find divine guidance, and brought long-lasting blessings to many lives.

Gardner was asked about Stanford Carmack’s and Royal Skousen’s theories on translation of the Book of Mormon (e.g., generally tight control to give a text often showing Early Modern English influence that cannot be accounted for by theories based on copying KJV language). Gardner has a difference of opinion about what the data means. That’s pretty much all he would say for that question.

Gerrit Dirkmaat, “Lost Teachings of the Prophets: Recently Uncovered Teachings of Joseph Smith and Others from the Council of Fifty Record”

Dr. Dirkmaat is an assistant professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University with a PhD in American History from the University of Colorado. He worked as a historian and writer for the Church History Department from 2010 to 2014 as historian on several volumes of the Joseph Smith Papers project. Since taking his position at BYU, he continues to work on the Joseph Smith Papers as a historian and writer. He currently serves as Editor of the academic journal Mormon Historical Studies, published by the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation, and on the Church History editorial board for BYU Studies. He is the author of dozens of scholarly articles and is the co-author, along with Michael Hubbard MacKay, of one of my favorite books, From Darkness Unto Light: Joseph Smith’s Translation and Publication of the Book of Mormon, published by Religious Studies Center at Brigham Young University and Deseret Book, 2015.

He began by telling the story of Joseph’s decision to run for president after becoming disenchanted with the Democrats and the Whigs, who were unwilling to bring relief to the persecuted Mormons. American democracy had failed the Mormons.

Interestingly, in the 2nd paragraph of his declaration of his views on “Powers and Policy of the Government” was an attack on slavery.

Dirkmaat then turned to the newly published documents from the Council of the Fifty Record.

Joseph wanted the Council to speak their mind, and if they wouldn’t, they’d be no better than a “doughhead.”

The Council sought to propose a constitution for the kingdom of God on earth, a bold and daunting task. But their discussions reflected a great deal of disappointment toward the government of the US and their failure to protect their rights. Sense of loss of bitterness is reflected, and a feeling that they are being driven out of the nation. They consider various places that will be outside of the United States in order to live their religion in peace. Texas in one candidate, and representatives are sent to discuss possibilities. But is during one of their meetings, as Texas is being discussed, when a messenger comes in with the news that Texas was just annexed by the United States. Upper California in Mexico and Oregon were also considered.

Dirkmaat noted that Joseph wanted non-Mormons to be on the Council and that he was passionate about religious liberty for all. He wanted all in the Council to have total liberty to embrace the light they saw. He was not afraid to have ministers from other religions preach to his people. He preached against religious intolerance and wanted to preserve the rights of all to believe as they wished. “We must not despise a man on account of his infirmity; we ought to love the man more for his infirmity.” He urged others to “drive from us every species of intolerance.” Those who reject the Gospel should be embraced with the same charity from the Latter-day Saints and should enjoy the same rights to liberty in our midst as those who fully accept the Gospel.

Dirkmaat noted that after reading the Joseph Smith papers, one thing that especially stands out about Joseph Smith is that he had a great love for other people. His statement that we should not despise others for their infirmity is one of the most beautiful expressions from the 19th century. 

Daniel Peterson, “What Difference Does It Make?”

The closing speaker will be the venerable Daniel Peterson, one of the most vilified and respected defenders of the faith. It has been great to meet Daniel and other major forces in LDS apologetics here, many for my first time.

Daniel began by referring to a young man with whom he had corresponded, who left the Church and now was bitterly opposed to Mormonism. Daniel had tried to help him without success. The dialog suddenly ceased, and based on what Daniel knew of him and his state, he was worried for his well-being. He soon learned that the young man had committed suicide. Dr. Peterson cannot help but think that the man’s loss of faith only compounded whatever problems he had that led to his suicide. “These things matter,” he intoned. [Note, added Aug. 5: Peterson was not making a general statement about suicide or ex-Mormons, but a statement about an individual whom he knew and cared for. He would later note that a great many studies show that religious belief is strongly correlated with lower suicide rates, so the suspicion that a retained faith might have helped the young man does have a logical basis.]

Faith is viewed as a mental illness by some of the intellectual elites of our day. Is atheism healthier than faith, Peterson asked? Armand Nicholi, Jr., in The Question of God has C.S. Lewis debate Sigmund Freud on various topics. Though the two never met, Lewis was in a good position to consider both sides of the issues since he spent about half of his life as an atheist. Lewis arguably led a healthier and happier life than Freud.

Peterson points to studies showing the benefits of religious faith on the health and happiness of believers. This doesn’t prove that religion or belief in God is true, but does discount the claim that faith is an illness. Rather, it seems to make us healthier.

Andrew Sims in Is Faith Delusion? Why Religion is Good for Your Health, he notes that a majority of studies exploring the impact of faith show that it is linked to reduced rates of suicide, healthier lives, reduced mental illness, less criminal activity, better marital stability, better social support, better coping with crises, reduced depression rates, and better general health. If study after study were showing that religion is harmful for numerous areas of health, it would be shouted from the front pages of the media. But these studies get very little attention.

In 84% of 68 studies, those with religious faith are less likely to commit suicide. “The nagging question we are left with is why is this important information … not better known?” Governments and health care organizations should be rushing to encourage faith to elevate the heath and well-being of the nation, Sims suggests.

In Gross National Happiness (2008) by Brooks, religious people of all faiths are markedly happier than secularists (42% vs. 28% reporting they are happy in their lives). Those who pray daily are much more likely to consider themselves happy. Oddly, agnostics tend to be less happy than atheists.

People in religious communities are more likely to be financially successfully. There are benefits that accrue to a community as a whole when there is a high level of religious activity. The more your neighbors go to church, the more likely you are to be financially successful, according to Brooks.

Atheists sometimes, rather condescendingly, tell believers that they should enjoy the amazing ride of this life rather than spending so much time fretting about the next life and preparing for it that they miss out on the present life. But this is an erroneous statement, for there is no evidence that believers miss out on the joys and benefits of the ride here in mortality, or that they spend so much time preparing for the next life that they miss out on this. In fact, those with faith tend to live richer, more fulfilled, and longer lives than those who tell us to quit fretting about the next.

Peterson quotes from the chilling words of Iago in Verdi’s Otello:

I believe in a cruel God

who created me like himself

in anger of whom that I name.

From the cowardice of a seed

or of a vile atom I was born.

I am a son evil because I am a man;

and I feel the primitive mud in me.

Yes! This is my faith!

I believe with a firm heart,

so does the widow in the temple,

the evil I think

and proceeds from me,

fulfills my destiny.

I think the honest man

is a mockery,

in face and heart,

that everything is in him is a lie:

tears, kisses, looks,

sacrifices and honor.

And I think the man plays a game

of unjust fate

the seed of the cradle

the worm of the grave.

After all this foolishness comes death.

And then what? And then?

Death is Nothingness.

Heaven is an old wives’ tale!

On what grounds can a follower of Richard Dawkins demonstrate Iago’s lethal immorality to be wrong?

Peterson also turned to Rodney Stark’s book, The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries.  

Starks shows that Christian communities were more likely to survive disaster (plagues, etc.) than pagan communities apparently because of their willingness to serve and care for each other in times of trouble.

Religious people are far more likely to support charities, to help the poor, and in general to strengthen their communities and serve others. They are more likely to be active in civic matters and donate their time to build their communities.

Stark points out that religion shows that rather than being a mental illness, those with religious faith are far more likely to have mental health. In addition, religious husbands are far less likely to abuse their wives and children (contrary to the images the secular Hollywood community tends to feed us).

The average life expectancy of religious Americans is more than 7 years longer than for the non-religious. Religious Americans are more likely to be successful in their careers. They are less likely to believe in the occult and paranormal, and are more likely to patronize the arts.

The accusation that religion is unhealthy and antisocial is strongly contradicted by data from numerous sources. Religious people are more likely to be involved in club, social organizations, etc.

If societies wish to encourage better health, happiness, and stronger communities, they should encourage religion, not bitterly oppose it.

Religion matters. Faith matters. Truth matters. And the truth is that religion in general is healthy. And for that reason, I might add, the ability to defend religious faith from spurious attacks, no matter how vocally and popularly proclaimed, is vital for those of us wishing to make this life better, happier, and healthier for our families and neighbors.

Update, Aug. 5, 2017

I concluded my post yesterday thinking that Daniel Peterson was about to finish. I published it just  before my computer would run out of power. But there is more to add.

The bulk of the studies referred to, as I learned during the Q&A, came from work done in North America and Europe, which means they were evaluating the impact of Judaeo-Christian religion. Conducting similar studies in, say, China or Islamic nations tends to be more difficult.

At the point where I thought Peterson had beautifully illustrated his point about how religion matters and was about to wrap up, he made what seemed like a surprising turn as he illustrated the sorrow and disappointment of life by reviewing some details from the lives of remarkably capable human beings like Max Planck and Beethoven. He told the story of Beethoven’s loss of hearing and tragically short life, unable to hear his greatest masterpieces,  and asked how much more this man might have achieved had he been healthy and able to hear? So many previous lives are filled with missed opportunities, with potential unfulfilled, with sorrow and tragedy. Are the atheist right that all this is cause for despair and grounds for denying the existence and mercy of God?

Then Peterson turned to the core message of the Gospel of Jesus Christ and spoke of the Savior and His infinite love and sacrifice for us, His conquest of death and sin that is able to embrace all of us and life us from our tombs of despair and give us joy and eternal hope. Through Him and His victory, all of our tears from our failures, the injustice we suffer, the tragedies and sorrows of mortality, can be wiped away in His love. We can rise again and have endless joy and opportunity, being lifted to a path of eternal growth and beauty. We can realize our endless potential through Jesus Christ.

Peterson’s conclusion was truly inspiring and poetic. Perhaps my favorite moment of many outstanding ones during the two-day event. It caught me by surprise and brought the message of the whole conference together, leading us to contemplate in reverent awe the real reason for defending, teaching, and understanding our faith.

Yes, religion matters. Christ matters. He changes everything.

Author: Jeff Lindsay

17 thoughts on “FairMormon 2017 Conference, Day Two

  1. "Where should we look for linguistic evidences or other traces of Nephite and Lamanite culture?"
    Cuba and Florida, especially around Lake Okeechobee. The Book of Mormon tells us that its people built cement buildings, and where are almost all of cement ruins from the pre-Columbian Americas? On and around the Yucatan peninsula. And where do the ocean currents take you if travel north by boat from the Peten side of the Yucatan? Cuba and Florida. It's too bad the European colonizers wiped out so many of the native groups living in those places and that some of their languages are now unknown and so much of the archaeology is underwater.
    Then there are the syncretic religions of small groups of indigenous Mexicans. The Cora people of Mexico adopted Catholicism late and half-way, and their syncretic religion has three gods: "Our Father," his wife, and their son, "big brother," who is now associated with Jesus Christ by those who believe in Jesus. The Rarámuri have a similar belief of a married God with a son they now name after Jesus Christ. Interestingly, the Rarámuri are thought to be descendants of the Mogollon culture, which started flourishing around 200 AD. If I were looking for traces of refugee Nephites from Mesoamerica around the time of Mormon and Moroni, I'd look north to the Mogollon and west to mountainous areas like the mountains of Nayarit where the Cora live.

  2. Thank you for sharing this summary. I look forward to watching or reading these full summaries.

    One thought on Peterson's discussion of Beethoven's deafness. I wonder whether trials and suffering are in a very real way necessary for us to create and experience beauty, as 2 Nephi 2 discusses. Could his beautiful 9th symphony really have been created without his trail? Could Section 121 really have come to Joseph Smith without his desperate suffering plea in Liberty Jail?

  3. Hi Jeff. I have been following your blog for a very long time now and I love it. Another one that I am starting to follow is NephiCode. It is extremely interesting and I would recommend to anyone who is interested in the geography of the Book of Mormon to check it out. The blog is run by Del DowDell and supplements his books regarding how Lehi (nor Nephi) never saw Mesoamerica. He backs up his findings with a lot of scripture and a lot of history that just makes a lot of sense. He claims that the landing site of Lehi was Peru in South America and I believe it because of the evidence that he puts forth. Too much regarding Mesoamerica as the landing site and geography of the Book of Mormon does not make sense. But when reading Del's work, it does all start to make sense. Please check it out below and let your readers know your thoughts. It is well worth looking into:

    http://nephicode.blogspot.com/2010/01/welcome.html

    Thanks again for your insights. I love learning from your blog.

  4. Wow, what a colossal waste of everyone's time.
    As for Dan P, even rank and file members of the church have lost all respect for him. My dad, whose shelf boasts a full arsenal of Deseret Books, has removed all traces of DP.
    Anyway, enjoy wasting your time, and try not to worry too much about the actual good you could be doing in the world.

  5. Don't let people like Anon @ 1:50 discourage you. If this kind of thing helps someone or teaches them something new, then it's not a waste of time.

    I've actually read through some of the other conferences on Fair's website and found some of the speakers' topics to be very interesting. I wish I could have gone to this year's.

  6. Thanks for the helpful summary, Jeff.

    There is one problem you glossed over, however, The map you refer to has a serious defect. It doesn't show Cumorah in New York, where Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery said it was. They knew it was there because, as Brigham Young and others explained, they had visited Mormon's depository in that hill on multiple occasions.

    In Joseph's day, every member of the Church knew what Joseph and Oliver taught about Cumorah in New York. It was never questioned because Joseph made sure it was reprinted often enough for everyone to know about it.

    It was only when some RLDS scholars decided Joseph and Oliver were wrong that LDS scholars began questioning what Joseph and Oliver taught. Now, Mesoamerican proponents are actively undermining the credibility and reliability of Joseph and Oliver, purely to defend their Mesoamerican theories.

    That's a poor excuse for rejecting what Joseph and Oliver taught.

  7. I don't see how a virtual map of the Book of Mormon lands helps us in any way. I don’t think Book of Mormon geography can be placed in a virtual world like a video game. We don’t know when prophets say "up" in the book of Mormon, they are traveling north, or maybe traveling up in elevation and going south. Nowhere does it say the river Sidon flows north. In the Index of the Triple combination it says " Sidon, River—most prominent river in Nephite territory." It doesn't mention what direction it travels. When Ether 10:20 says the "Sea divides the land" that speaks of the Great Lakes dividing the land around them, and not the Isthmus of Tehuantepec which is a place where the "Land divides the Sea." Rather than arguing about the geography we should listen to revelation. D&C 128 talks about Cumorah being in the vicinity of Susquehanna, and Fayette in the northern part of New York. The Church has sacred land at Cumorah in upstate NY. They don't have an ensign to Cumorah in Meso-America. Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery wrote Letter VII in 1835 which says the place of the final battles was at Hill Cumorah in NY. Joseph's vision of Zelph says he was a warrior in one of the last battles of the Book of Mormon, and Zelph was buried near the Illinois River close to Griggsville, IL. Joseph Smith wrote a letter to Emma on June 4, 1834 saying he (Joseph) was picking up the skulls and bones of that once beloved people of the Lord. (Nephites). This was near the Mississippi River close to Atlas, IL and Louisiana, MO., not in Meso-America. You can argue about D&C 125, but I believe the Lord would have Joseph put the name of "Zarahemla" for the reason of it being the same Zarahemla as in the Book of Mormon. Forget geography, listen to Joseph and Oliver when he was the Assistant President of the Church. Mark E Petersen said in 1953 “I do not believe that there were two Hill Cumorah’s, one in Central America and the other one up in New York, for the convenience of the Prophet Joseph Smith, so that the poor boy would not have to walk clear to Central America to get the gold plates.” Ask a Meso-American proponent and they believe in Two-Cumorahs, which I think is not correct. I believed that for 40 years until I recently began listening to General Authoties. George Albert Smith said " Looking over the surrounding country we remembered that two great races of people had wound up their existence in the vicinity, had fought their last fight, and that hundreds of thousands had been slain within sight of that hill.” (George Albert Smith, Conference Report, April 1906, Third Day—Morning Session p. 56) and Marion D. Romney said, “Millennia ago he declared: “There shall none come into this land [he was speaking of America] save they shall be brought by the hand of the Lord… In the western part of the state of New York near Palmyra is a prominent hill known as the “hill Cumorah.” (Morm. 6:6.) On July twenty-fifth of this year, as I stood on the crest of that hill admiring with awe the breathtaking panorama which stretched out before me on every hand, my mind reverted to the events which occurred in that vicinity some twenty-five centuries ago—events which brought to an end the great Jaredite nation… Thus perished at the foot of Cumorah the remnant of the once mighty Jaredite nation, of whom the Lord had said, “There shall be none greater … upon all the face of the earth.” (Ether 1:43.)… This second civilization to which I refer, the Nephites, flourished in America between 600 B.C. and A.D. 400. Their civilization came to an end for the same reason, at the same place, and in the same manner as did the Jaredites…” America’s Destiny Marion G. Romney Oct 1975
    These are quotes from prophets, and apostles that show the Book of Mormon events happened in "The Promised Land" of the Untied States of America. Why need we look further?

  8. Jonathan and Rian are both putting too much weight on some prophets' opinions. Opinions are not divine revelations, and prophets are not infallible. So some prophets believed that there was only one Cumorah – okay, so what? The fact is (unless it's been kept hidden for some reason), there has been no actual divine revelation as to the exact location of the final battle between the Nephites and Lamanites (or the rest of the Book of Mormon, for that matter). This means we have to use our best guesses based on the text itself, not solely on others' opinions.

    Mormon 6:6 says that Mormon hid all the records in Cumorah – except for "these few plates which I gave unto my son Moroni." So the plates later given to Joseph Smith were specifically not buried in the original hill Cumorah, but another hill – the hill in New York where Joseph Smith later found the plates, which was later given the same name as the hill where the other records were buried (this, I believe, is the source of much of the confusion). Of course the Church is going to hold the hill in New York sacred – this is where the golden plates were buried, even if it's not the specific location mentioned in the Book of Mormon itself.

    Also, no, D&C 128 does not say that Cumorah is "in the vicinity of Susquehanna." It just mentions the place and then talks about Moroni "declaring the fulfillment of the prophets," after which other events in other locations are mentioned.

  9. I found it quite interesting to learn, when I first started taking modern Hebrew courses as an undergraduate, that traveling toward Jerusalem was always "up", and away from Jerusalem was always "down"; one who left Israel was a "yored / yoredet" (a "descender").

    http://www.pealim.com/dict/848-laredet/

  10. Dan Peterson continues to malign anyone who opposes his narrow-minded interpretation of Mormonism. He's the least Christ-like person I know.

  11. I am learning really a lot from the website that I mention above, Nephi Code. Del (the author of the site and of the books that speak more about his posts) goes into great detail disproving both the Mesoamerica theories as well as the North American theories. I would highly suggest going to his blog and reading what he as to say. He bases his theory on scripture as well as modern day prophets and apostles. And But mostly scripture because they were there. They know exactly what the land looked like, what was there etc.

    As an example, here is an excerpt from his blog:
    "Thus, to find the location of the Land of Promise, we have to find an area that now and/or during the time of the Jaredites/Nephites, matched the entire list of descriptions found in the Book of Mormon. And we have to do it without changing the meaning, twisting the words around, inserting words that are not in the scriptural record, or deleting words or ideas that do not agree with one’s personal point of view, or claiming that these erstwhile prophets did not know what they were writing about, such as not knowing directions or what their land was like, or how it was laid out from north to south, or whether or not they meant sea when they said sea, etc."

    Another exmaple:
    "Another important criteria are the roads the disciple Nephi tells us about when he said: “there were many highways cast up, and many roads made, which led from city to city, and from land to land, and from place to place” (3 Nephi 6:8). Samuel the Lamanite confirmed that there were many highways in the Land of Promise (Helaman 14:24). These highways were made of some type of solid material, like stone or a form of pavement, since Nephi also tells us that during the terrible destruction that “changed the face of the earth,” these highways were “broken up” (3 Nephi 8:13).
    The highway system in Andean Peru is both remarkable and unequaled anywhere in the Western Hemisphere, and according to the conquistadors who first saw these roads, claimed they rivaled the highly acclaimed roads of the ancient Romans. This highway system ran 3,700 miles, from Chile to Ecuador, with an intertwining and interconnected network of 24,000 miles of roads and highways. Truly, this road system “led from city to city, and from land to land, and from place to place.”

    One last one because of the comments of the Hill Cumorah:
    "One could go on and on about these Great Lakes Theorists and their ridiculous placement of Book of Mormon geography contrary to the scriptural location, but the point should be clear that just because Joseph Smith retrieved the gold plates from the Hill Cumorah in upper New York State, does not mean that there was not another Hill Cumorah in another land, called the Land of Promise. The Lord is not beyond moving sacred items from one area to another.
    Remember, that Bountiful was an important location where Nephi built his ship and from which the Lehi Colony sailed, as well as a city and a land in the Land Southward in the Land of Promise. Jerusalem was a city in Palestine as well as a city in the Land of Promise. Numerous other examples of duplicate naming can be found throughout the Book of Mormon. To place an entire concept, model, and theory based upon a single location of any name is foolhardy and contrary to scripture."

    If you have time, visit his blog and see what he has to say. You may be surprised by some of the things that you can learn. I know I was.

  12. Glad there's so much interest in the geography of the Book of Mormon (except for Anon@1:50 AM, who apparently spends some of his or her free time reading LDS blogs just to tell us what a colossal waste of time it is to talk about our faith). I also think there's a lot of confusion that we need to discuss in some future posts.

    The NephiCode work may be interesting, and even LDS writers who recognized the strength of the Mesoamerican model have noted parallels in Peru that may point to migrations of Book of Mormon peoples to ancient Peru or other forms of influence (see Douglas K. Christensen, "Did Book of Mormon People Reach Peru?" at BMAF.org). However, if the ancient Incan road system in Peru is being presented as evidence related to the mention of roads in the Book of Mormon, I have to wonder how they handle the issue of chronology since the Incans rose roughly 1000 years after the Book of Mormon ends. I see that the NephiCode blog claims that these roads must have been there before the Incas–no citations given, of course.

    Wikipedia's article, "The Inca Road System," confirms that "Part of the road network was built by cultures that precede the Inca Empire, notably the Wari culture." Their article on the Wari culture states that they flourished "from about AD 500 to 1000." Any grand engineering achievements of the Wari culture and the much later Incas have no direct bearing on the Book of Mormon. I think it won't take much digging to find similar problems with many of the grounds offered for Peruvian locations. Certainly the Incan knot system and its early counterparts for accounting and some possible writing does not seem to support the tradition of written records in Book of Mormon times as one of the first requirements for a plausible setting of the Book of Mormon. Mesoamerica offers that. The Heartland Model does not nor does a Peruvian model, as far as I know.

  13. Anon at 12:30 regurgitated a meme from some of our most hostile opponents: "Dan Peterson continues to malign anyone who opposes his narrow-minded interpretation of Mormonism. He's the least Christ-like person I know." Yes, the "Meanest Man in Mormonism" as Dan has often quipped. Out of curiosity, can any of your Dan-haters show me one instance where he dropped by an anti-Mormon blog or "enlightened sort-of-Mormon" website to just do a 100% ad hominem attack and call someone "the lest Christ-like person I know" or something of that nature, without engaging the arguments being made or offering the least support for an overwrought emotional outburst? If you can document Peterson's use of virulent "projectile commenting," I'd like to see it.

    If what "least Christ-like person I know" actually means is "someone who dares to challenge my anti-Mormon views and hate of the Church and makes me feel terrible by backing up their defense with so-called logic and evidence that I just can't handle," then perhaps he is the least Christ-like person you know. But what about me? I'm not as mean and nasty yet, I fear, but I'm also trying hard to be un-Christlike according to that definition (though following Christ by more normal definitions is what most of us Mormons actually seek to do, with apologies for our many shortcomings and occasional sarcasm). So if that's what you mean, count me in, please!

  14. Thanks for taking the time to respond Jeff. Please look further at Del's work. I believe that the opposite is true of what you mention. The Mesoamerica does not offer the correct setting. Look at all of the work and not just a few of the posts that he has on his blog. The Mesoamerica theorists distort the writing in the Book of Mormon so that it matches what they think, not the other way around. They say that there may have been others living in Mesoamerica at the same time, but where are they mentioned in the Book of Mormon? They are not. I would urge you to look further into his work without a pre-conceived notion that Mesoamerican theorists are correct. The Peruvian model offers much more than you think. And he does mention written records. Please look deeper.
    To answer the question of no written language in Peru, here is a post he did on exactly that: http://nephicode.blogspot.com/2010/03/why-no-written-language-in-peru.html

    As far as the Incan roads, here is what Del has to say about them: http://nephicode.blogspot.com/search?q=ancient+highways+in+peru

    Thanks!

  15. I have not seen any reviews of the NephiCode by the Mesoamerican camp. My remarks were purely my own based on having read a number of entries on that site. Assertions about roads and writing lack adequate support in my view. But if there is dating for roads that fits the Book of Mormon, I am willing to reconsider. BTW, what is offered for the River Sidon and volcanism?

  16. The post on written language says the Lananites destroyed Nephite records, so we don't expect to find anything. But the Jaredites, Nephite dissenters, the Gaddiantons, and eventually the Lamanites again had written language. Literacy was not uniquely Nephite and not eradicated by Lamanite victories. The answer given is terribly unsatisfying, including the implied claims that an Easter Island script somehow validates or is consistent with the Peruvian theory. Don't mistake "writing something" about an objection with adequately supporting a position.

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